Fig. 1: The concept and in vitro secretion of therapeutic scExe4 peptide from hepatic cells.

a Scheme depicting the concept of this research, showing genome editing-mediated stable secretion of therapeutic peptides in the liver. b Designs of SP and FCS fused Exe4 (scExe4) and schematic of its secretion from the cell. c Secretion of Exe4 in the culture medium following transfection of a series of scExe4 expression plasmids in Hepa1-6 cells and HepG2 cells. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3 biological replicates). d Glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) of iGL cells induced by adding cultured medium from scExe4 (NGF-FCS2-Exe4) transfected Hepa1-6 and HepG2 cells. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3 biological replicates). Asterisks (*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01) indicate a significant difference among comparing groups using one-way ANOVA. No significant difference (no asterisk; p > 0.05) was observed between the scExe4_Hepa1-6 and Exe4_Peptide groups, nor between the scExe4_HepG2 and Exe4_Peptide.