Fig. 2: Performance evaluation of the 6-tRNA signature across different phases.

a, d, g Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves for T-scores in the discovery, hold-out validation, and independent validation phases, respectively. Curve colors correspond to their respective datasets. AUC, area under the curve; CI, confidence interval. b, e, h Precision-Recall Curves (PRC) for T-scores in the discovery, hold-out validation, and independent validation phases, respectively. Curve colors correspond to their respective datasets. AUPRC, area under the precision-recall curve; CI, confidence interval. c, f, i Boxplots of T-scores across different datasets, comparing tumor and control cohorts during the discovery, hold-out validation, and independent validation phases. Box colors represent different diagnostic categories. Sample sizes (n) for each cohort are displayed below the corresponding boxplots. Statistical comparisons were performed using the Mann–Whitney U test. Exact p-values are displayed above each comparison bar. j Heatmap of T-scores for each tRNA biomarker across all datasets and phases. “t” represents the discovery phase, “v” represents the hold-out validation phase, and “RUSH” denotes the independent validation phase. The color scale represents T-score values, ranging from 1.0 (orange) to -1.0 (purple).