Fig. 5: Logistic regression analyses reveal expected diagnoses associated with male infertility that were first obtained after the 6-month cutoff across UC and Stanford.

a Volcano plot of patients’ diagnosis associations with male infertility for diagnoses first obtained after the 6-month cutoff at UC. b Volcano plot of patients’ diagnosis associations with male infertility for diagnoses first obtained after the 6-month cutoff at Stanford. c Manhattan plot of diagnoses that were first obtained after the 6-month cutoff at UC, grouped into phecode categories. d Manhattan plot of diagnoses that were first obtained after the 6-month cutoff at Stanford, grouped into phecode categories. For panels (a, b), pink dots = −log₁₀(p-value) of diagnoses significantly associated with male infertility, blue dots = −log₁₀(p-value) of diagnoses significantly associated with vasectomy-related record; gray dots = −log₁₀(p-value) of diagnoses that are not significantly associated with male infertility status. Phenotype corresponds to diagnosis. For panel (c), dots indicate the −log₁₀(p-value) of diagnoses organized by phecode category, where dark red dots—circulatory system, black dots—congenital anomalies, blue-green dots—dermatologic, gold dots—digestive, brown dots—endocrine/metabolic, blue dots—genitourinary, orange dots—hematopoetic, red-orange dots—infectious disease, dark purple dots—injuries & poisonings, dark green dots—mental disorders, tan dots—musculoskeletal, light purple dots—neoplasms, light green dots—neurological, red dots—null, dark brown dots—pregnancy complications, reddish-brown dots—respiratory, pink dots—sense organs, and medium green dots—symptoms. For panel (d), dots indicate the −log₁₀(p-value) of diagnoses organized by phecode category, where dark red dots—circulatory system, black dots—congenital anomalies, blue-green dots—dermatologic, gold dots—digestive, brown dots—endocrine/metabolic, blue dots—genitourinary, orange dots—hematopoetic, red-orange dots—infectious disease, dark purple dots—injuries & poisonings, dark green dots—mental disorders, tan dots— musculoskeletal, light purple dots—neoplasms, light green dots—neurological, red dots—respiratory, dark brown dots—sense organs, and reddish-brown dots—symptoms. For panels (a, c), 1322 diagnoses were compared at UC, and Benjamini–Hochberg correction was used to identify diagnoses significantly associated with male infertility. For panels (b, d), 1057 diagnoses were compared at Stanford, and Benjamini–Hochberg correction was used to identify diagnoses significantly associated with male infertility. For all panels, top diagnoses found to be significantly associated with male infertility are annotated. Phecode categories correspond to disease categories. P—p-value, UC—University of California. n = 6531 UC patients with male infertility, n = 8353 UC patients with vasectomy-related record, n = 5551 Stanford patients with male infertility, n = 2464 Stanford patients with vasectomy-related record.