Fig. 2: Associations of GOS conditions and maternal characteristics with co-expression modules and pathway enrichment and hub proteins for the GOS core module.

a Heat map for protein modules. b Heat map for metabolite modules. Each row of the heat map corresponds to a module eigenprotein/eigenmetabolite. Cells containing correlation coefficients and p-values represent the significant associations. Analysis was performed on data from n = 384 study participants. c Boxplot for the eigenprotein values of the turquoise protein module in the control group versus the GOS group. d Boxplot for the eigenprotein values of turquoise protein module in the control group versus different GOS condition groups. The Kruskal-Wallis p-value was annotated on the top of the plot. e Pathway analysis of proteins in the GOS core module (turquoise protein module). f Hub proteins related to the composite GOS outcome in the GOS core module (turquoise protein module) and their ORs (95% CIs) for developing GOS. Logistic regression was used to estimate the associations. g DAG of GO biological process enrichment results for the hub proteins in the GOS core module. Boxes with blue color correspond to the top biological processes that passed the FDR correction. GOS great obstetrical syndromes, GH gestational hypertension, PE preeclampsia, PPROM preterm prelabor rupture of membranes, sPT spontaneous preterm labor, SGA small for gestational age, FGR fetal growth restriction, BMI body mass index, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, DAG directed acyclic graph, GO gene ontology, FDR false discovery rate.