Fig. 5: Dynamic changes in the common proteomic signatures during early pregnancy.

a Temporal changes in eigenprotein values across early pregnancy in GOS and control groups. Lines were smoothed by linear models and shaded areas represent 95% CIs. The correlation coefficients between eigenprotein values and gestational age at sampling and the P values are shown in the top left corner. b Heatmap of the P values on 81 hub proteins in the GOS core module. Logistic regression was used to estimate the associations, and gestational age at sampling was adjusted in the “<14w” category due to the significant differences in gestational age at sampling between the GOS and control groups. For “14-15w” and “≥16w” categories, the differences in gestational age at sampling between GOS and control groups were not significant. The categories of “<14w”, “14-15w” and “≥16w” represent the sample collection windows before 14, between 14 and 15, and after 16 weeks of gestation. The mean expression levels (log2 transformed and normalized values) of c ADGRE5, d TIMP1, e FN1, f MME, and g VWF in the control, HDP (GH + PE) and PT (PPROM and sPT) groups before and after 14 weeks of gestation. Error bars correspond to the 95% CI. Analysis was performed on data from n  =  384 study participants. GOS great obstetrical syndromes, HDP hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, PT preterm birth, CI confidence interval.