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Sleep’s role in the development and resolution of adolescent depression

Nature Reviews Psychology volume 1, pages 512–523 (2022)Cite this article

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Abstract

Two adolescent mental health fields — sleep and depression — have advanced largely in parallel until about four years ago. Although sleep problems have been thought to be a symptom of adolescent depression, emerging evidence suggests that sleep difficulties arise before depression does. In this Review, we describe how the combination of adolescent sleep biology and psychology uniquely predispose adolescents to develop depression. We describe multiple pathways and contributors, including a delayed circadian rhythm, restricted sleep duration and greater opportunity for repetitive negative thinking while waiting for sleep. We match each contributor with evidence-based sleep interventions, including bright light therapy, exogenous melatonin and cognitive-behaviour therapy techniques. Such treatments improve sleep and alleviate depression symptoms, highlighting the utility of sleep treatment for comorbid disorders experienced by adolescents.

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Fig. 1: Unique and shared symptoms of restricted sleep and depression in adolescents.
Fig. 2: Circadian rhythm and optimal sleep duration.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the hundreds of families who have participated in the authors’ and colleagues research, sharing their knowledge so that we could provide the reader with this Review.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. WINK Sleep Pty Ltd, Adelaide, Australia

    Michael Gradisar

  2. Sleep Cycle AB, Gothenburg, Sweden

    Michael Gradisar

  3. School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia

    Michal Kahn, Gorica Micic, Michelle Short, Chelsea Reynolds, Serena Bauducco & Kate Bartel

  4. School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Michal Kahn

  5. School of Psychology, University of East Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom

    Faith Orchard

  6. School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

    Serena Bauducco

  7. School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

    Cele Richardson

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M.G. is the CEO of WINK Sleep Pty Ltd, and as such receives income from the sale of online courses for treating adolescent sleep problems. All other authors declare no competing interests.

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Polysomnography

A comprehensive test used to diagnose sleep disorders that includes measures of brain waves, blood oxygen level, heart rate, breathing and eye and leg movements.

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Gradisar, M., Kahn, M., Micic, G. et al. Sleep’s role in the development and resolution of adolescent depression. Nat Rev Psychol 1, 512–523 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-022-00074-8

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