Precisely controlling the thickness of two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) is challenging. Now, crystalline monolayer and bilayer 2DPs are synthesized by embedding macrocyclic molecules in the polymer backbones to form mechanical bonds and provide control over the number of layers. This mechanical interlocking endows the synthetic bilayer with a high Young’s modulus.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 digital issues and online access to articles
$119.00 per year
only $9.92 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on SpringerLink
- Instant access to the full article PDF.
USD 39.95
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

References
Wang, Z., Wang, M., Heine, T. & Feng, X. Electronic and quantum properties of organic two-dimensional crystals. Nat. Rev. Mater. 10, 147–166 (2025). A review article that presents the topologies, syntheses and physicochemical properties of organic 2D crystal materials.
Zhan, G. et al. Moiré two-dimensional covalent organic framework superlattices. Nat. Chem. 17, 518–524 (2025). A paper that presents a method for synthesizing 2D polymer bilayers and the formation of their moiré superlattices.
Fang, Q. et al. Superior mechanical properties of multilayer covalent-organic frameworks enabled by rationally tuning molecular interlayer interactions. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 120, e2208676120 (2023). A paper that reports the layer-dependent mechanical properties of 2D COF films.
Liu, K. et al. On-water surface synthesis of crystalline, few-layer two-dimensional polymers assisted by surfactant monolayers. Nat. Chem. 11, 994–1000 (2019). A paper that presents the on-water surface synthesis of 2D polymer films assisted by a surfactant monolayer.
Pfeffermann, M. et al. Free-standing monolayer two-dimensional supramolecular organic framework with good internal order. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 14525–14532 (2015). A paper that presents the synthesis of a monolayer 2D supramolecular organic framework through host–guest interactions.
Additional information
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This is a summary of: Yang, Y. et al. Mechanically interlocked monolayer and bilayer two-dimensional polymers with high elastic modulus. Nat. Synth. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44160-025-00930-4 (2025).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Controlled synthesis of monolayer and bilayer two-dimensional polymers. Nat. Synth (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44160-025-00943-z
Published:
Version of record:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44160-025-00943-z