Extended Data Fig. 9: Fascicular-based model illustration replicating the realistic ventricular activation modulating by the His-Purkinje system.

The SE layer (yellow) represents the fast conduction regions, where the fascicles are located, defined by apical-basal coordinate \(Z\) and transmural coordinate \(\rho\), bounded by physiological measurements from literature as shown in Supplementary Table 2. There are also five early activation sites represented by disks with a thickness of 5% of the ventricular wall (\({\delta }_{z}\) and \({\delta }_{\rho }\) = 0.05) and having a fixed radius of \(20\mu m\), representing ~25 cells. The disks are centred at root locations, defined by apical-basal coordinates \(Z\) and rotational coordinates \(\varphi\), which are activated at specific timings. Both coordinates and timings of the five sites are bounded by physiological measurements from literature as shown in Supplementary Table 2.