Fig. 2: Co-occurrence and correlations among end-target integrity indicators. | npj Climate Action

Fig. 2: Co-occurrence and correlations among end-target integrity indicators.

From: Red flags in green promises: a framework for identifying greenwashing risk in corporate climate pledges

Fig. 2

a Chord diagram displaying correlations between different greenwashing risk indicators, where the thickness of the connecting bands reflects the frequency with which two indicators co-occur across companies; b pairwise ɸ (phi) correlation coefficients between indicators, where positive values correspond to indicators that tend to appear together, where negative values suggest they are less likely to occur together. The strongest positive associations are between Scope 3 and plans (r = 0.30), offsets and lobbying (r = 0.26), and Scope 3 and offsets (r = 0.25), while interim targets are negatively associated with Scope 3 (r = −0.23), discrepancy (r = −0.19), and offsets (r = −0.18); off-track shows near-zero correlations with most other indicators.

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