Table 5 Regression results examining determinants of corporate greenwashing

From: Red flags in green promises: a framework for identifying greenwashing risk in corporate climate pledges

Variable

Any greenwashing N = 1251

Interim target greenwashing N = 284

Scope 3 greenwashing N = 292

Plan greenwashing N = 272

Offset greenwashing N = 265

Gas coverage greenwashing N = 272

Lobbying greenwashing N = 292

On track greenwashing N = 297

Odds ratioa

SE

Odds ratioa

SE

Odds ratioa

SE

Odds ratioa

SE

Odds ratioa

SE

Odds ratioa

SE

Odds ratioa

SE

Odds ratioa

SE

Region

                

East Asia and Pacific

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Europe and Central Asia

0.09

0.112

1.33

0.608

0.40*

0.165

0.97

0.468

0.72

0.406

1.30

0.643

0.22**

0.118

0.10***

0.050

North America

0.10

0.116

0.94

0.392

0.49

0.187

1.75

0.725

0.74

0.402

0.86

0.406

2.61

1.28

0.28**

0.110

Other/Global South

0.66

1.13

1.94

1.46

0.06**

0.064

0.28

0.276

0.53

0.485

0.63

0.558

5.83

6.18

0.33

0.230

Current status of target

               

Achieved

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Underway

0.35

0.440

0.12*

0.119

0.17

0.156

1.04

1.01

6.50

8.57

0.26

0.256

0.62

0.715

0.76

0.657

New

1.08

1.80

0.36

0.399

0.28

0.282

4.31

4.57

60.7*

109

0.24

0.271

0.55

0.699

0.90

0.860

Other

0.54

0.968

0.08

0.147

2.10

2.79

      

2.22

4.21

0.24

0.412

No end target

0.04

0.064

0.09

0.189

0.22

0.317

1.68

3.60

1.63

3.70

0.33

0.717

1.43

3.11

6.18

10.0

Annual revenue

1.00

0.000

1.00

0.000

1.00

0.000

1.00**

0.000

1.00*

0.000

1.00**

0.000

1.00

0.000

1.00

0.000

Sector

                

Biotech

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Food and agriculture

1.02

1.41

3.28

4.18

0.16

0.256

16.3

27.4

0.41

0.733

3.84

6.69

0.16

0.273

4.09

5.22

Fossil fuels

0.84

0.897

0.67

0.402

0.48

0.247

0.54

0.334

0.26

0.237

2.75

2.09

3.53

2.55

1.74

1.05

ICT

0.13*

0.126

2.52

1.51

0.37

0.209

1.96

1.20

0.49

0.470

3.22

2.60

0.22*

0.155

0.64

0.420

Infrastructure

1.43

1.51

0.34

0.222

0.83

0.401

0.36

0.216

3.90

4.56

0.80

0.661

0.26*

0.157

0.64

0.379

Manufacturing

11.9

17.3

2.44

1.70

0.81

0.510

1.66

1.15

0.25

0.264

0.74

0.828

1.10

1.02

0.28

0.271

Metals and mining

0.36

0.560

0.51

0.395

1.27

0.848

0.44

0.338

0.09*

0.097

3.06

2.65

1.80

1.79

1.61

1.09

Retail

1.10

1.05

0.55

0.357

0.32*

0.179

1.24

0.746

1.43

1.39

3.83

30.04

0.05***

0.034

0.69

0.463

Services

16.1

20.8

2.89

2.42

0.47

0.383

1.48

1.33

0.11*

0.123

6.42

6.36

0.14*

0.129

0.09

0.138

Transportation

2.10

3.13

1.33

0.822

−0.21*

0.132

0.23

0.183

0.19

0.187

1.60

1.40

6.33*

6.25

0.26

0.218

Annualized ambition

0.81

0.084

0.98

0.082

0.83*

0.070

0.98

0.088

0.89

0.100

0.95

0.088

0.76*

0.078

1.00

0.059

Pro-rated emissions target achievement

0.73

0.068

0.94

0.091

0.91

0.078

0.86

0.099

1.01

0.143

1.04

0.109

0.90

0.106

  

Ambition*PETA

1.03

0.033

0.99

0.033

1.03

0.032

1.05

0.036

1.05

0.047

1.02

0.034

1.01

0.040

  

LobbyMap score of C or lower

  

1.15

0.466

1.00

0.356

2.26*

0.935

4.49**

2.40

1.41

0.620

  

0.74

0.319

  1. SE standard error.
  2. a*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
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