Fig. 2: Morphology, elemental distribution, and valence states of the as-produced mixed oxide.

a SEM images and b EDX elemental mapping of the MO coating before the electrochemical measurements. The white arrows in (a) indicate spherical particles and rod-like structures. The dashed rectangle in (b) indicates the area where the EDX map was obtained. c High resolution XPS core-level spectra of Sb 3d/O 1 s, Sn 3d, Mo 3d, and W 4 f. The black line represents the experimental data, and open circles correspond to the fitting.