Fig. 7: Experimental results in different scenarios (see the experimental setup in Supplementary Note 1–3).

a The reconstruction results for various reference positions. In this experiment, a knife serves as the imaging object and is positioned at a distance of 0.3 m from the virtual planar array. Meanwhile, the reference is chosen at 1 m, 2 m, and 3 m, respectively. b Non-line-of-sight imaging results for diverse occlusions. In this context, a scissor acts as the imaging object, positioned 0.35 m away from the virtual planar array. The reference is chosen at a distance of 2 m. To simulate non-line-of-sight scenarios, three distinct materials—cloth, paper, and plastic—are employed to cover the scissors. The first row represents the imaging result after signal resampling, while the second row depicts the imaging result achieved through point spread function optimization. c–f These show the multi-scanning reconstruction results. c Optical image of the target, with a width of 25 cm and a height of 25 cm. d The handheld scanning trajectory is along the x and y axes, showcasing the path of data collection. e The imaging results for each individual scanning after point spread function optimization. f The fused image generated from multiple scanning with point spread function optimization.