Fig. 1: Characterization of the 40 kHz ultrasound transducer.
From: Low frequency ultrasound elicits broad cortical responses inhibited by ketamine in mice
a Image of the 40 kHz transducer with a cone-shaped waveguide. b Representative waveforms for bursts of 0.5 ms and 2.5 ms durations, showing that the steady peak-to-peak (P-P) pressure is reached at about 0.7 ms after ultrasound onset. c Relationship between input voltage and output P-P pressure, indicating a maximum system-generated pressure of about 300 kPa. d Mapping of the acoustic pressure in the radial direction suggesting a full width half maximum (FWHM) of about 8 mm. e Pressure decay in the axial direction measured at 8.4 mm. f Illustration of the ultrasound tone burst. Single sine wave with 25 µs was delivered continuously with specific tone-burst-duration (TBD). The duty cycle (DC) is defined as the TBD divided by the 1/pulse repetition frequency (PRF)*100%. The total sonication time is defined as the sonication duration (SD). g Intracranial temperature rises during ultrasound exposure (data expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 3 for the pressure and temperature measurement).
