Fig. 3: Material ejection from the melt pools with time.

Material ejection for pure AA5183 during wire (a) withdrawal and (b) dipping. The insets depict the magnified images of material ejection. Video S3 shows the material ejection from the melt pools for pure AA5183. The purple arrows show the ejected materials from melt pools. The orange arrows highlight the arc reflection in the mirrors (located behind the wires). Material ejection for AA5183 with 7.5 wt% TiC during wire (c) withdrawal and (d) dipping. Video S4 shows material ejection from the melt pools with TiC nanoparticle addition. The recorded time (µs) of each image is shown in yellow. The material ejection in (c) is recorded at 234 µs because of the small size and poor visibility of the formed rippling ring (at 0 µs). ‘TD’ represents the travel direction of welding.