Fig. 5: Anatomy of melt pools during CMT-WAAM.

Melt-pool anatomy for (a) AA5183 and with (b) 2.5, (c) 7.5, and (d) 10 wt% TiC. Melt pools are shown in the cold and hot cycles. The yellow and purple dashed lines show the borders and surfaces of the melt pools, respectively. e Melt-pool widths and depths as functions of the chemical compositions. (Note: Error bars were calculated using standard deviation from three samples with dozens of measurements for each sample).