Fig. 6: Feature attribution analysis of clinker phase predictions using SHAP.
From: Industrial-scale prediction of cement clinker phases using machine learning
a–c Hierarchical ranking of clinker oxide contributions to phase predictions for alite, belite, and ferrite, respectively. Bar lengths indicate mean absolute SHAP values (wt.%), representing averaged feature impact across the test dataset. d–f Corresponding beeswarm plots revealing the directional influence of each oxide on phase formation. SHAP values (x-axis) indicate deviation from mean phase composition, with positive values suggesting increased formation. Color gradient (blue to red) represents oxide concentration from minimum to maximum, with point density indicating frequency of occurrence. Numbers in parentheses show oxide composition ranges (wt.%). CaO demonstrates a dominant positive correlation with alite formation, while SiO2 shows a strong negative influence, aligning with established clinker chemistry.
