Fig. 5: Evaluation of cell growth and phenotypic markers following tissue dissociation.

a Representative cell growth images from the same location over an 11-day primary culture period in the shaker group and HLS group. All scale bars represent 40 µm. b Quantification of cell numbers and growth rates across the 11-day culture period. c Cell growth rate for each cycle (one cycle = 2 days). d Immunofluorescence characterization of dissociated human renal cancer tissue, showing clear cell renal carcinoma (CA9⁺, CD10⁺). All scale bars represent 80 µm. DAPI (4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), a fluorescent nuclear stain, was used throughout the experiments. A two-sided t-test was used for statistical testing. Stars indicate p < 0.05 and double stars indicate p < 0.01 relative to the control. Error bars represent mean ± standard deviation from n = 5 independent image-based measurements.