Fig. 4: Typical TdTFAs.
a SGA-based TdTFAs and the constrained tempering process. b Bending curvature of SGA-based TdTFAs with different ply numbers. c The multilayer structure of SMA-based TdTFAs. d Blocking force and bending curvature generated by the SMA-based TdTFAs. e Deformation mechanism of LCEs. f LCE-based TdTFA transforms from flat to corrugated upon heating. g Specific work and stroke produced by LCE-based TdTFAS. a, b Reprinted with permission from ref. 45. Copyright 2020 Springer Nature. c, d Reprinted with permission from ref. 50. Copyright 2019 Wiley-VCH. e Reprinted with permission from ref. 36. Copyright 2018 Royal Society of Chemistry. f, g Reprinted with permission from ref. 51. Copyright 2019 American Association for the Advancement of Science.
