Fig. 2: The framework used to identify four possible categories of projected change in species-specific habitat suitability for highly mobile species in California’s National Marine Sanctuaries (NMS): dark spots in blue, climate refugia in purple, unsuitable habitats in lavender, and bright spots in mauve and the percentage contribution of habitat suitability for all NMSs identified with the same color scale for each species by the end of the century.

The vertical axis (A) represents the habitat suitability (0–1) averaged across the historical period (1985–2015); the horizontal axis represents the habitat suitability (0–1) averaged across the future period (2070–2100). White crosses represent habitat suitability values (50th percentile) ±1 standard deviation to identify potential misclassification of values close to the thresholds. White dots (B) representing the uncertainty associated with the identification of each category are shown in Supplementary Table 5 and Supplementary Fig. 5. Pie charts for each species sum to 100%. A) blue whale, B) humpback whale, C) California sea lion, D) swordfish, E) shortfin mako shark, F) common thresher shark, G) blue shark, H) leatherback turtle. See Eq. 1 for details.