Fig. 2: Tool selection to support an Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM) restoration project identified by the Kotahitanga mō te Taiao Alliance (KMTT) and The Nature Conservancy (TNC).

a Decision tree to help choose an illustrative subset of tools to support EBM objectives mapped to b the results chain for Case One for achieving the KMTT/TNC restoration strategy (1) to support cultural harvest and support ecosystem health and resilience. Results chain includes a series of expected outcomes/objectives (2–9) leading to the desired impact (10). Symbols distinguish if the outputs account for spatial (location marker) and temporal variation (clock), allow scenario testing (screen/monitor) and/or account for uncertainty (question mark). Each tool is also assessed as being easy (green), moderate (orange), or difficult (red) to use. Black boarders on result chain objectives (b) indicate those that could be supported with the use of a tool(s), as indicated on the decision tree mapping a (see Supplementary Table S1 for definitions of decision tree considerations (columns) (adapted from information presented in Clark et al.²⁵ & Blackett et al.⁴¹)).