Fig. 1: User-centred design process for developing a systemic intervention to support student social connectedness.

This figure illustrates the user-centred design process used to develop a systemic intervention to support student social connectedness and address loneliness. The process is structured into three key phases: elicitation, design, and usability testing. The elicitation phase involved gathering information on student needs, preferences, and experiences through qualitative focus groups and a quantitative questionnaire. The design phase involved co-production workshops where students provided feedback on proposed app functionality and mock-ups, with iterative refinement based on participant input. The usability testing phase (planned as the next stage) will focus on evaluating feasibility, adoption, acceptability, engagement, and usability of the intervention. Arrows indicate the sequential flow and iterative feedback loops within the design phase. No abbreviations, colours, or symbols requiring further definition are used in this figure.