Fig. 3: Scatterplots of the first three principal components (PC1, PC2, PC3) based on various acoustic features in Holocentridae across different taxonomic levels.

Scatterplots of the sounds (N = 365) at the subfamily level (a) and genus level (five genera) (b) were performed with six acoustical variables (sound duration, number of pulses, fundamental and dominant frequencies, pulse period, and duration of the last pulse). Scatterplot of the sounds at the subgeneric level c illustrated by the two groups of Myripristis (N = 176) was performed with eight acoustical variables (sound duration, number of pulses, fundamental and dominant frequencies, pulse period and duration of the last pulse, number of blocks in sounds, percentage of sounds with pattern). Scatterplot of the sounds at the species level (d) illustrated by Myripristis species of group 2 (N = 101) was performed with 10 acoustical variables (sound duration, number of pulses, fundamental and dominant frequencies, pulse period, and duration of the last pulse, number of blocks in sounds, number of pulses in blocks, interval, percentage of sounds with pattern). CH convex hull. 3D scatterplots are available in Supplementary Videos 1-4.