Fig. 2: Predicted proportions of female speakers by academic level and affirmative actions.

Predictions were made by the best-fitted model (Table 1a), with academic levels on the x-axis and affirmative actions represented in color (before 2018 in gold and after in green). Vertical line ranges mean 95% confidence intervals for the estimated proportions. The size of the circles is proportional to the number of talks given by males (y-axis 0) and females (y-axis 1) in each category, ranging from 3 (smallest circle—male postdocs after affirmative actions) to 69 (largest circle—male professors before the affirmative action).