Table 4 Multivariable analysis of protective and risk factors for developing depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms or suicidal ideation among patients with Long COVID (N = 5,208)

Demographics

Age (>30 years)

0.64^a

0.51 to 0.80

0.66

−2.09^a

−2.61 to −1.57

−2.01

0.81

0.65 to 1.00

0.83

Male/man identification (ref. female/woman)

1.25^b

1.07 to 1.47

1.22

0.10

−0.25 to 0.45

0.02

1.21^c

1.04 to 1.41

1.16

Non-binary/gender queer identification (ref. female/woman)

1.23

0.77 to 1.94

1.14

0.34

−0.74 to 1.42

0.16

2.59^a

1.66 to 4.10

2.36

No children

1.03

0.90 to 1.17

1.01

−0.04

−0.34 to 0.25

.

1.28^a

1.12 to 1.45

1.26

African American/Black (ref. white)

1.61^c

1.02 to 2.51

1.46

0.54

−0.51 to 1.59

0.34

1.50

0.96 to 2.32

1.35

Asian (ref. white)

1.41

0.96 to 2.06

1.30

0.71

−0.16 to 1.58

0.54

1.24

0.85 to 1.79

1.15

Non-white Latinx (ref. white)

1.02

0.70 to 1.45

.

0.41

−0.39 to 1.20

0.27

0.92

0.64 to 1.30

0.98

White Latinx (ref. white)

1.12

0.66 to 1.87

1.01

0.18

−0.99 to 1.34

.

0.73

0.42 to 1.23

0.81

Multiple ancestries (ref. white)

1.41^c

1.07 to 1.86

1.34

1.01^b

0.38 to 1.64

0.90

1.40^c

1.07 to 1.82

1.33

Other ancestries (ref. white)

0.58^c

0.34 to 0.95

0.64

−0.66

−1.67 to 0.36

−0.48

1.42

0.92 to 2.18

1.30

Positive and supportive community response

Positive medical provider response

0.72^a

0.62 to 0.83

0.76

−0.67^a

−1.00 to −0.34

−0.65

0.90

0.78 to 1.04

0.93

Positive friend response

0.74^c

0.58 to 0.96

0.75

−0.56

−1.14 to 0.02

−0.54

1.12

0.88 to 1.43

1.01

Positive partner response

0.88

0.65 to 1.19

0.89

−0.72^c

−1.42 to −0.02

−0.69

0.73^c

0.55 to 0.98

0.76

Positive family response

0.70^c

0.52 to 0.92

0.70

−0.18

−0.83 to 0.47

−0.15

0.98

0.75 to 1.29

.

Support group participation

0.80^b

0.70 to 0.92

0.83

−0.21

−0.52 to 0.10

−0.15

1.22^b

1.06 to 1.40

1.20

Negative and stigmatizing community response

Negative medical provider response

0.89

0.76 to 1.05

0.96

0.42^c

0.08 to 0.77

0.39

1.13

0.97 to 1.32

1.15

Negative friend response

1.13

0.92 to 1.38

1.10

0.24

−0.22 to 0.69

0.22

1.20

0.99 to 1.45

1.13

Negative partner response

1.58^a

1.24 to 2.08

1.55

0.99^a

0.42 to 1.57

0.99

1.37^b

1.08 to 1.74

1.37

Negative family response

1.12

0.89 to 1.41

1.10

0.39

−0.13 to 0.91

0.38

1.07

0.86 to 1.33

1.07

Health

No pre-existing psychiatric diagnosis

0.51^a

0.45 to 0.58

0.53

−2.00^a

−2.29 to −1.71

−1.96

0.58^a

0.51 to 0.66

0.60

Change in health—worse (ref. same or better health)

0.99

0.76 to 1.31

.

0.06

−0.51 to 0.63

0.06

1.17

0.90 to 1.53

.

Change in health—much worse (ref. same or better health)

1.02

0.76 to 1.36

.

−0.29

−0.91 to 0.33

−0.22

1.30

0.98 to 1.73

1.11

Severity of LC symptoms

0.98^a

0.97 to 0.98

0.98

−0.03^a

−0.04 to −0.02

−0.03

0.99^a

0.99 to 1.00

0.99

Number of days with LC symptoms

1.0^b

0.998 to 0.999

1.00

−0.003^b

−0.004 to −0.001

−0.002

1.00^a

1.000 to 1.002

1.00

Post-illness physical limitations

1.61^a

1.24 to 2.10

1.55

0.53^c

0.04 to 1.03

0.44

1.13

0.90 to 1.43

1.13

Hospitalized for COVID

1.28^c

1.03 to 1.59

1.23

0.40

−0.09 to 0.89

0.31

1.32^b

1.07 to 1.63

1.26

COVID testing access

0.91

0.78 to 1.07

0.93

0.03

−0.32 to 0.38

.

1.08

0.93 to 1.25

1.05

Employment and finances

Post-illness work hours reduced (ref. no change in job)

1.06

0.88 to 1.28

.

−0.19

−0.59 to 0.21

−0.14

1.20

0.99 to 1.44

1.13

Post-illness job loss (ref. no change in job)

1.40^c

1.06 to 1.86

1.30

0.71^c

0.07 to 1.35

0.70

1.34^c

1.03 to 1.78

1.26

Post-illness financial hardship

1.55^a

1.35 to 1.77

1.53

1.26^a

0.96 to 1.56

1.24

1.67^a

1.46 to 1.90

1.65