Fig. 1: Flow diagram of neuroimaging analyses.

A converging multi-analytical approach was used to explore network dysfunction in PSaC that included (i) generation of symptom–activation maps from existing fMRI datasets available on Neurosynth to identify common areas of activation across PSaC symptoms; (ii) systematic review of PsaC neuroimaging studies to contrast network alterations in those with high versus low symptom burden after concussion; (iii) mapping and tallying extracted coordinates individually to large-scale networks in parcellation atlases; (iv) Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) meta-analysis of included studies using a seed-based connectivity approach; (v) network-based meta-analysis of coordinates derived from whole-brain connectivity to contrast high versus low symptom burden patterns of altered connectivity; and (vi) determination of a functional cortical signature for neuromodulation targeting with Human Connectome Project (HCP) data.