Fig. 4: Determining candidate cortical target locations for neuromodulation.
The seed-based/symptom–activation network map depicts a network map derived from existing fMRI datasets using Neurosynth. It highlights cortical areas with maximal correlation (warm colors) and anticorrelation (cool colors) with bilateral anterior insula seeds (coordinates: 34, 21, 0 for the right and –35, 20, 0 for the left). The coordinate-based network map represents a meta-analysis of coordinates derived from whole-brain connectivity PSaC+ studies. The map showcases cortical regions where network alterations are most pronounced in post-concussive syndrome (in particular, the DLPFC). The convergence map was created by voxel-wise multiplication of Neurosynth-derived seed-based and coordinate-based network meta-analytic maps, such that when the product of multiplication is positive it demonstrates convergence. Positive regions of agreement are indicated. Note that regions where there was no convergence were typically areas of weak functional connectivity or low z scores (that is, areas that were already not strongly implicated in either map). Two broad potential prefrontal target areas for neuromodulation are depicted. These maps can be used as seed maps to derive individual stimulation targets, as per refs. 91,114. DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; FC, functional connectivity.
