Table 1 Aminoglycoside minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against P. aeruginosa PAO1 in the presence of berberine and berberine analogs (64 µg/mL).

From: Di-berberine conjugates as chemical probes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa MexXY-OprM efflux function and inhibition

Strain

Berberine analog

MIC; µg/mLa (fold change)b

Kan

Gen

Ami

Tob

PAO1

–

64

1

1

0.5

PAO1ΔmexXY

–

16 (4)

0.25 (4)

0.25 (4)

0.25 (2)

PAO1

Berberine

32 (2)

0.5 (2)

0.5 (2)

0.25 (2)

Ber-Pip [1]

64 (−)

1 (−)

nd

nd

Ber-Carb [2]

32 (2)

0.5 (2)

nd

nd

Ber-Prop [3]

32 (2)

0.5 (2)

nd

nd

Ber-C3 [5]

16 (4)

0.25 (4)

0.25 (4)

0.25 (2)

Ber-C4 [6]

16 (4)

0.25 (4)

0.5 (2)

0.25 (2)

Ber-C6 [4]

16 (4)

0.25 (4)

nd

nd

Ber-C8 [7]

16 (4)

0.125 (8)

nd

nd

Ber-C10 [8]

8 (8)

0.0625 (16)

0.0125 (8)

0.0625 (8)

Ber-C12 [9]

8 (8)

0.125 (8)

0.125 (8)

0.125 (4)

Ber-pAr [10]

32 (2)

0.25 (4)

0.5 (2)

0.25 (2)

Ber-Biph [11]

32 (2)

0.5 (2)

nd

nd

Ber-PEG5 [12]

32 (2)

0.5 (2)

0.5 (2)

0.25 (2)

Ber-PEG8 [13]

32 (2)

0.5 (2)

0.5 (2)

0.25 (2)

  1. nd not determined.
  2. aDetermined from checkerboard and time-kill assays. Aminoglycosides: kanamycin (Kan), amikacin (Ami), gentamicin (Gen), and tobramycin (Tob).
  3. bFold change relative to wild-type PAO1. (−) no fold change.
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