Fig. 2: Hemodynamic responses related to the monitoring of memory errors in the feedback-based association learning task.

a All three types of memory-error evidence, such as b, failed recall attempts, c the selection of low confidence and d negative feedback showed increased hemodynamic responses in posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) in a univariate general linear model analysis of the 30 participants (15 male, 15 female). The color bar indicates z-scores and the results are thresholded using a false discovery rate (q < 0.05). e The conjunction image shows voxels which had significant hemodynamic responses in all three memory error monitoring contrasts (failed recall, low confidence, negative feedback). The effects converged in pMFC, right premotor cortex (PMC) and bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). f Network correspondence was quantified according to the overlap of voxels in the conjunction with a seven-networks cortical parcellation scheme¹⁴. Most voxels of the error monitoring conjunction were assigned to the lateral frontoparietal control network.