Fig. 3: The post-error subsequent memory effect in a univariate functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis.

a The bar plot shows the number of trials per participant (n = 30, 15 male, 15 female) for the combination of recall success in the current trial and recall success for the next presentation of the same face. The aim was to distinguish trials with memory (re-)encoding demands which lead to successful memory formation (ErrorCorrect) from failed recall trials which did not lead to successful post-error learning adjustments (ErrorError). b Univariate fMRI general linear model results replicated previously described regions from a meta-analysis on the subsequent memory effect⁴, showing increased activity during successful recall (Error_{LowConfidence}Correct_{HighConfidence}) compared to repeatedly failed recall (Error_{LowConfidence}Error_{LowConfidence}). The color bar indicates z-scores and the results are thresholded using a false discovery rate (q < 0.05). c Overlap of the post-error subsequent memory effect (red) with the conjunction of error monitoring contrasts (yellow) and the contrast for negative feedback (orange). The pMFC cluster for the post-error subsequent memory effect overlapped with a posterior portion of the cluster related to processing negative feedback, suggesting that its demand-dependent upregulation may have a preparatory function. d The image shows the post-error subsequent memory effect plotted as overlay to a seven-networks cortical parcellation scheme¹⁴. Most voxels were assigned to the ventral attention network, dorsal attention network and visual network.