Fig. 3: Hypothetical outcomes (simulated data).
From: Intentional binding effect depends on conscious access to the sensory consequences of action
a If intentional binding requires conscious awareness of the operant stimulus, i.e. Hypothesis 1 is false, then estimation bias should be the same in both masked blocks, but should be positively biased in the operant-unmasked block. The difference-in-differences, then, will be positive as per Hypothesis 2. b Alternatively, if Hypothesis 1 is true, evidence of binding should be found in both blocks, and the difference-in-differences is unlikely to be very different from zero, i.e. Hypothesis 2 is false. The experiment was designed such that, if one hypothesis were strictly false (i.e. zero effect size), we would be well-powered to detect the competing hypothesis.
