Fig. 4: Results.
From: Intentional binding effect depends on conscious access to the sensory consequences of action
Huber means of action time estimates, quantified as error relative to the objective time, for each participant in each condition are shown on top. Bootstrap distributions, 90% confidence intervals, and means for paired effect sizes (including interaction ‘delta-delta’ on far right) are shown on bottom. Consistent with Hypothesis 2, the bias in action time estimates induced by an operant stimulus (i.e. sensory consequence) is substantially more positive when participants are aware of the operant stimulus. To our surprise, the mean bias when participants were unaware of the operant stimulus was negative (rather than merely zero as in the hypothetical outcomes we illustrated in Fig. 3), indicating that the perceived time of an action was actually repelled from the time of its unconsciously perceived sensory consequence.
