Fig. 1: Representative confocal microscopy images of tumour sections to detect cfChPs in TME, and Immunofluorescence results of Ki-67, and combined results of 15 hallmarks of cancer, 6 immune check-points and 3 stem cell markers in control and R-Cu treated GBM patients.

a Representative fluorescence immuno-staining and confocal microscopy images of tumour sections of GBM samples stained with fluorescent antibodies against DNA and histone H4 and examined by confocal microscopy. Co-localizing DNA (red) and histone H4 (green) fluorescent signals generate yellow / white coloured particles that represent cfChPs. Numerous yellow / white fluorescent particles are seen outside the nucleus in the intra- or extracellular spaces in the control samples which are virtually eliminated following R-Cu treatment. Graphical representation of MFI of extra-nuclear cfChPs (right hand image). The nuclei were gated and MFI of yellow fluorescent signals in five randomly chosen confocal fields ( ~ 50 cells per field) was estimated. The number of patient samples in control and R-Cu treated groups = 10 in each group. b. Boxplots representing Mean ± SEM of immunofluorescence results of Ki-67 and combined results of 15 hallmarks of cancer, 6 immune check-points and 3 stem cell markers. n = 10 patients each in control and R-Cu treated patients. **p < 0.01; ****p < 0.0001.