Table 2 Group differences in lexical variables after controlling for sex, age, recruitment site, education, race, and IQ.

From: “Ask” or “Inquire”: operationalizing speech formality in psychosis and its risk states using etymology

Full Cohort

Cohort

Group Differences

Pairwise Differences

 

HC

CHR

ROP

ANOVA F (df=2, 382)

HC/CHR t (df=296)

HC/ROP t (df=248)

CHR/ROP t (df=220)

Cohort N

164

134

86

–

–

–

–

Proportion Germanic Words, mean (SD)

0.701 (0.036)

0.724 (0.031)

0.724 (0.038)

19.3***

−5.4***

−5.8***

−1.2

Proportion Old French Words, mean (SD)

0.190 (0.028)

0.172 (0.025)

0.173 (0.030)

18.8***

4.4***

5.5***

1.6

Honoré's Statistic, mean (SD)

682 (53)

667 (53)

666 (57)

3.7*

1.5

2.4*

1.0

Perplexity, mean (SD)

112 (20)

108 (14)

112 (19)

1.7

–

–

–

Sub-cohort where IQ scores were available

Cohort

Group Differences

Pairwise Differences

 

HC

CHR

ROP

ANOVA F (df=2, 267)

HC/CHR t (df=210)

HC/ROP t (df=184)

CHR/ROP t (df=140)

Cohort N

127

82

57

–

–

–

–

Proportion Germanic Words, mean (SD)

0.700 (0.034)

0.724 (0.030)

0.731 (0.032)

24.0***

−5.4***

−5.8***

−1.2

Proportion Old French Words, mean (SD)

0.190 (0.028)

0.174 (0.025)

0.168 (0.025)

19.5***

4.4***

5.5***

1.6

Honoré's Statistic, mean (SD)

682 (54)

671 (53)

661 (59)

3.3*

1.5

2.4*

1.0

Perplexity, mean (SD)

113 (21)

109 (14)

109 (20)

1.4

–

–

–

  1. Bold = significant difference, with *indicating p < 0.05 and ***indicating p < 0.001.
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