Extended Data Fig. 1: Factors affecting urban albedo.

The albedo of urban areas is dependent on the reflectivity of surface materials comprising urban infrastructures (left panel), and on the three-dimensional urban morphology, responsible for the solar radiation trapping and the fractions of sunlit and shadowed surfaces (centre panel), as well as on latitude, climate zone, time and sky-view factors (right panel). Refer to Supplementary Table 12 in the Supplementary Information for further details on cool surface options. (Source: authors).