Fig. 3: Effects of intercity personnel exchange and policy transplantation on three types of water pollution.

a–c, The effects of intercity personnel exchange and policy transplantation on firm-level COD (a), ammonia nitrogen (b) and wastewater (c) estimated from equation (2) (Supplementary Table 19). For COD regression, the P values for the coefficients are 0.000 (exchange and policy transplantation), 0.000 (exchange only) and 0.002 (transplantation only) (N = 566,678). For ammonia nitrogen regression, the P values for the coefficients are 0.000 (exchange and policy transplantation), 0.000 (exchange only) and 0.871 (transplantation only) (N = 382,730). For wastewater regression, the P values for the coefficients are 0.000 (exchange and policy transplantation), 0.000 (exchange only) and 0.044 (transplantation only) (N = 583,250). All dependent variables are logged. The data are presented as the estimated coefficients (dots) ±95% confidence intervals (error bars).