Table 4 Linear mixed model analyses (3 × 2) assessing changes in menstrual symptoms during different menstrual phases by treatment group over time

From: A survey-based, quasi-experimental study assessing a high-cannabidiol suppository for menstrual-related pain and discomfort

Menstrual distress questionnaire (MDQ)

 

CBD

TAU

Omnibus statistical comparison

 

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Premenstrual symptoms

 Paina

Baseline

18.57 ± 6.11

18.12 ± 5.92

Main Effect Group: F = 0.294, p = 0.588, ηp2 = 0.001

1 Month

16.43 ± 6.03

17.56 ± 6.48

Main Effect Time: F = 14.964, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.068

2 Months

15.30 ± 5.67

16.43 ± 7.13

Group*Time Interaction: F = 2.496, p = 0.084, ηp2 = 0.012

 Concentrationb

Baseline

14.92 ± 8.61

13.39 ± 8.51

Main Effect Group: F = 0.234, p = 0.629, ηp2 = 0.001

1 Month

14.14 ± 8.67

14.09 ± 9.06

Main Effect Time: F = 4.397, p = 0.013, ηp2 = 0.021

2 Months

12.20 ± 8.35

12.43 ± 8.86

Group*Time Interaction: F = 1.646, p = 0.194, ηp2 = 0.008

 Behavioral changesa

Baseline

13.32 ± 5.88

12.16 ± 5.80

Main Effect Group: F = 0.152, p = 0.697, ηp2 < 0.001

1 Month

11.01 ± 5.92

12.00 ± 6.40

Main Effect Time: F = 14.493, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.065

2 Months

9.59 ± 5.65

10.83 ± 6.29

Group*Time Interaction: F = 6.100, p = 0.002, ηp2 = 0.029

 Autonomic reactionsa

Baseline

6.49 ± 4.80

5.66 ± 4.55

Main Effect Group: F = 0.186, p = 0.666, ηp2 = 0.001

1 Month

5.33 ± 4.87

5.82 ± 4.59

Main Effect Time: F = 6.026, p = 0.003, ηp2 = 0.028

2 Months

4.25 ± 4.52

5.37 ± 4.71

Group*Time Interaction: F = 4.983, p = 0.007, ηp2 = 0.023

 Water retentiona

Baseline

9.00 ± 2.77

9.04 ± 2.95

Main Effect Group: F = 1.277, p = 0.259, ηp2 = 0.004

1 Month

8.19 ± 2.84

8.86 ± 3.09

Main Effect Time: F = 7.550, p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.035

2 Months

7.73 ± 2.481

8.35 ± 3.33

Group*Time Interaction: F = 1.344, p = 0.262, ηp2 = 0.006

 Negative affecta

Baseline

21.86 ± 8.37

20.83 ± 8.54

Main Effect Group: F = 0.112, p = 0.739, ηp2 < 0.001

1 Month

19.64 ± 9.48

20.43 ± 9.26

Main Effect Time: F = 9.356, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.043

2 Months

17.84 ± 8.94

18.76 ± 9.08

Group*Time Interaction: F = 2.480, p = 0.085, ηp2 = 0.012

 Arousala

Baseline

9.40 ± 2.50

9.66 ± 2.89

Main Effect Group: F = 1.411, p = 0.236, ηp2 = 0.004

1 Month

9.50 ± 3.16

9.92 ± 3.05

Main Effect Time: F = 0.428, p = 0.652, ηp2 = 0.002

2 Months

9.41 ± 2.998

10.20 ± 2.66

Group*Time Interaction: F = 0.155, p = 0.856, ηp2 = 0.001

Symptoms during menstruation

 Painc

Baseline

19.22 ± 6.25*

17.51 ± 6.02*

Main Effect Group: F = 0.037, p = 0.847, ηp2 < 0.001

1 Month

16.42 ± 6.32

17.11 ± 6.55

Main Effect Time: F = 21.669, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.098

2 Months

14.68 ± 6.26+

16.63 ± 6.28+

Group*Time Interaction: F = 6.912, p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.033

 Concentrationc

Baseline

12.79 ± 8.13

10.98 ± 8.70

Main Effect Group: F = 0.085, p = 0.770, ηp2 < 0.001

1 Month

11.48 ± 8.58

12.53 ± 9.55

Main Effect Time: F = 2.907, p = 0.056, ηp2 = 0.014

2 Months

10.16 ± 8.48

10.79 ± 8.83

Group*Time Interaction: F = 4.698, p = 0.010, ηp2 = 0.023

 Behavioral changesc

Baseline

13.64 ± 6.79*

11.78 ± 6.51*

Main Effect Group: F < 0.001, p = 0.996, ηp2 < 0.001

1 Month

10.96 ± 6.17

11.89 ± 6.70

Main Effect Time: F = 13.855, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.065

2 Months

9.34 ± 6.12

11.05 ± 5.95

Group*Time Interaction: F = 9.674, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.046

 Autonomic reactionsc

Baseline

6.18 ± 4.95+

5.13 ± 4.62+

Main Effect Group: F = 0.012, p = 0.912, ηp2 < 0.001

1 Month

5.04 ± 4.80

5.28 ± 4.63

Main Effect Time: F = 6.695, p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.032

2 Months

3.86 ± 4.50

5.08 ± 4.38

Group*Time Interaction: F = 4.029, p = 0.019, ηp2 = 0.019

 Water retentionc

Baseline

8.58 ± 3.15

8.47 ± 3.21

Main Effect Group: F = 1.580, p = 0.210, ηp2 = 0.005

1 Month

7.51 ± 3.01+

8.38 ± 3.26+

Main Effect Time: F = 8.641, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.040

2 Months

6.95 ± 2.50

7.85 ± 3.42

Group*Time Interaction: F = 3.483, p = 0.032, ηp2 = 0.017

 Negative affectc

Baseline

19.97 ± 8.21

18.61 ± 8.70

Main Effect Group: F = 0.585, p = 0.445, ηp2 = 0.002

1 Month

17.25 ± 9.82

18.77 ± 9.70

Main Effect Time: F = 6.047, p = 0.003, ηp2 = 0.029

2 Months

15.84 ± 8.82

18.14 ± 8.70

Group*Time Interaction: F = 5.984, p = 0.003, ηp2 = 0.029

 Arousalc

Baseline

9.36 ± 2.76

9.63 ± 2.70

Main Effect Group: F = 0.368, p = 0.545, ηp2 = 0.001

1 Month

9.75 ± 2.92

9.79 ± 2.76

Main Effect Time: F = 1.229, p = 0.294, ηp2 = 0.006

2 Months

9.66 ± 3.04

10.17 ± 2.69

Group*Time Interaction: F = 0.250, p = 0.779, ηp2 = 0.001

  1. Bold numbers are significant at p ≤ 0.050; italicized numbers are trending towards significance at p ≤ 0.100.
  2. Individual timepoint between-group ANOVAs: significant differences are noted with * for p ≤ 0.050 & trends with + for p ≤ 0.100.
  3. CBD cannabidiol, TAU treatment-as-usual.
  4. aCBD: Baseline n = 77, Follow-Up 1 n = 70, Follow-Up 2 n = 44; TAU: Baseline n = 230, Follow-Up 1 n = 196, Follow-Up 2 n = 84.
  5. bCBD: Baseline n = 77, Follow-Up 1 n = 70, Follow-Up 2 n = 44; TAU: Baseline n = 230, Follow-Up 1 n = 195, Follow-Up 2 n = 84.
  6. cCBD: Baseline n = 77, Follow-Up 1 n = 69, Follow-Up 2 n = 44; TAU: Baseline n = 230, Follow-Up 1 n = 187, Follow-Up 2 n = 84.
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