Table 1 Main digital technologies explored in the case studies for validating the D5 workflow
Digital technologies | Purpose | Steps |
|---|---|---|
Machine learning (ML) | To conduct comprehensive assessments of existing building stocks from building records in combination with geographical information systems (GIS) and to assess the identified stocks to estimate the potential for reusing building components. | Detection |
Computer vision (CV) | To advance material recognition from visual data and automate the disassembly-for-reuse process, identifying material types and conditions during deconstruction for precise classification. | Detection Disassembly |
Reality capture | To generate 3D geometric data of existing materials, integrating this information with BIM systems as cyber-physical elements. In combination with robotics, these technologies enable systematic deconstruction and sorting processes to facilitate the careful disassembly of building materials. | Detection Disassembly |
Extended reality (XR) | To aid in the disassembly and reassembly of materials, simplifying the process and ensuring accuracy in fitting reclaimed components. Robotics are also explored to disassemble building elements carefully. | Disassembly Deployment |
Digital product passports (DPPs) | To extract data to feed into specialised algorithms tailored for the construction industry to effectively match the supply of available materials with demand, serving as digital intermediaries for stakeholders across the value chain. | Distribution |
Track & trace technologies (including Internet of Things (IoT) & data carriers) | To track information on materials to connect DPPs and material databases. | Distribution |
Decentralised storage technologies (e.g., blockchain) | To trace the history of the material and information providence. | Distribution |
Generative AI | To enhance creativity in the architectural design process with reused materials. | Design |
Computational design algorithms (e.g., parametric design) | To plan and model buildings specifically using reused materials. Algorithms are improved to accommodate existing material inventories while factoring in the variances necessary for working with reclaimed stock. | Design |
Digital fabrication (e.g., additive and subtractive manufacturing) | To produce precise connectors that facilitate the integration of reused materials. | Disassembly Deployment |
