Fig. 9: Sustainability of biochar-based carbon sequestration in soil.

Life cycle of biochar produced from four different feedstocks (a), effect of GHG emissions at biochar feedstock pre-treatment stage (b). Effect of GHG emissions at biochar production stage (c). Effect of GHG emissions at biochar application stage (d), and carbon sequestration capacity of different biochars (e). CSB crop straw-based biochar, WWB waste wood-based biochar, LMB livestock manure-based biochar, SSB sewage sludge-based biochar. Reproduced with permission from ref. 170. Copyright (2024) Elsevier.