Fig. 1: Point-scanning methods for opto-control.

A (Top) Schematic of repeated fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analysis of CapG in the cell nucleus of the same live breast cancer cell, serving as a functional readout for intracellular protein dynamics. (Bottom) An MDA-MB-231 cell showed increased nuclear CapG-GFP import following EGF addition, as observed through repeated FRAP. FRAP experiments were conducted before EGF addition and at 8 min and 30 min post-treatment. Scale bar: 10 µm. Figures adapted from ref. ⁶³. B Optical setup for femtosecond laser (1030 nm, ~220 fs, 1 MHz) photoactivation. The laser is focused on a submicron region using a 60× objective, with exposure duration controlled at 200 ms by a mechanical shutter. Figure adapted from ref. ⁶⁴. C Representative time-lapse images of laser-induced Ca²⁺ response and cell death in HeLa cells. The white spot marks the irradiated region. Time stamps above each image indicate the elapsed time after laser stimulation at 0 s (control). Scale bar: 20 µm. Figure adapted from ref. ⁶⁵.