Fig. 8: Seepage results.

a Saturation distribution after seepage. b Effective friction angle of unsaturated soil. c Effective cohesion of unsaturated soil. d Displacement after seepage. a Displays the distribution of soil saturation after seepage. b, c Shows the effective friction angle and effective cohesion of unsaturated soil after seepage, revealing the landslide mechanism, d Shows the impact of seepage on soil displacement.