Fig. 4: Comparison of GCN performance with dense versus isolated adjacency matrices for flood forecasting at selected gauge stations.

We compablack the GCN pblackiction results using dense and isolated adjacency matrices for spiked large flood events, evaluating both short-term (3-h) and long-term (12-h) forecasts. a–d compare GCN flood prediction performance at two gauge stations (#122 and #303) for both short-term (3-h) and long-term (12-h) forecasts. Each panel compares target (actual) discharge values against GCN predictions using dense and isolated adjacency matrices.