Fig. 3: Building damage characteristics.

Spatial distribution of damage states for building with fundamental periods of (A) 0.3 s, (B) 0.6 s, (C) 1 s, (D) 3 s, and (E) 5 s. Four states, non-, slight-, moderate-, extensive, and complete-damage, are classified based on the thresholds of maximum inter-storey drift (d) defined in FEMA Hazus 5.1 (Table S6), where d is calculated by nonlinear time history analysis. F Number of heavy-damaged, collapse and urgent demolished buildings assessed by the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization, and Climate Change. This data is aggregated at the neighbourhood (Mahalle) level from Shelter Sector Türkiye, Global Shelter Cluster⁵¹, where the dashed ellipse indicates the areas that are not well captured by our model. Red, blue, and yellow stars represent the event epicenters for M_w7.8, M_w7.5, and M_w6.7, respectively. Triangle represents the monitoring stations. Circle indicates the major cities followed in Fig. 1D. Black line represents the surface projection of the seismogenic fault⁵⁰.