Fig. 13: Application in Pingyuan.

a Lithology, rainfall stations, and landslide distribution in Pingyuan County (upper right corner indicates the county’s location within the study area). b Daily landslide warning probabilities for the three rainfall stations from June 1 to June 16, 2024, based on the sliding 5-day window. The blue, orange, and green lines represent the Igneous (G1688) and Sedimentary (G5058, G1687) lithologies, respectively, with color-coded thresholds marking landslide warning probabilities.