Fig. 11: Perspectives on spintronic memristors for computing.

a Possible combinations of spintronic dynamics for computing. Exchanges of signals between the spintronic dynamics and CMOS are highlighted as the CMOS-compatible input/output signals are critical for the practical application. In addition, we highlight three tuning knobs: order of dynamics (or the number of state variables n), coupling within one kind of spintronic dynamics, and hybrid spintronic dynamics. b Cross-layer design by considering key parameters and features at different levels to achieve a co-optimized solution for various applications and algorithms.