Fig. 1: Inflammatory responses to microbial triggers. | npj Metabolic Health and Disease

Fig. 1: Inflammatory responses to microbial triggers.

From: Heightened innate immunity may trigger chronic inflammation, fatigue and post-exertional malaise in ME/CFS

Fig. 1

A SEB ME/CFS vs HC: Box plots showing concentrations of cytokines (pg/µl) in blood exposed to SEB before and 24 h after exercise. Comparisons employed linear mixed-effect models (LMMs) paired with Bayesian analyses, adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, geography, body mass index (BMI), and self-reported irritable bowel syndrome (sr-IBS). The full TruCulture cytokine results are reported in Supplementary Data 8. B SEB Sex- and age- stratified analysis: Box plots showing sex-and age-stratified concentrations of cytokines (pg/µl) in blood exposed to SEB before and 24 h after exercise. Comparisons employed linear mixed-effect models (LMMs) paired with Bayesian analysis in females and males, separately. The full TruCulture cytokine results are reported in Supplementary Data 8. C HKCA ME/CFS vs HC: Box plots showing concentrations of cytokines (pg/µl) in blood exposed to HKCA before and 24 h after exercise. Comparisons employed linear mixed-effect models (LMMs) paired with Bayesian analyses, adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, geography, body mass index (BMI), and self-reported irritable bowel syndrome (sr-IBS). The full TruCulture cytokine results are reported in Supplementary Data 8. D HKCA Sex- and age- stratified analysis: Box plots showing sex-and age-stratified concentrations of cytokines (pg/µl) in blood exposed to HKCA before and 24 h after exercise. Comparisons employed linear mixed-effect models (LMMs) paired with Bayesian analysis in females and males, separately. The full TruCulture cytokine results are reported in Supplementary Data 8. E Dose- and time-dependent responses to LPS: Box plots showing concentrations of IL-6 (pg/µl) induced in PBMCs before exercise in ME/CFS and HC after LPS stimulation. The doses were 0.01, 1 and 100 ng/ml of LPS and measured over 12, 24 and 48 h post stimulation. F Dose- and time-dependent responses to poly I:C: Box plots showing concentrations of IL-6 (pg/µl) induced in PBMCs before exercise in ME/CFS and Controls after poly I:C stimulation. The doses were 0.2, 2 and 20 μg/ml of poly I:C and measured over 12, 24 and 48 h post stimulation. SEB staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin type B, HKCA heat-killed Candida albicans, LPS lipopolysaccharide, poly I:C polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid.

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