Table 2 Summary table of included studies

(Riegel and Carlson⁵⁶)

United States

Randomized controlled trial

“To test the acceptability and effectiveness of a peer support intervention for patients hospitalized with HF.”

Patients in clinic

(Deka et al.⁵³)

United States

Randomized controlled trial

“To compare the experimental and comparison groups on adherence to recommended exercise guidelines (150 min/week of moderate intensity exercise); intention to adhere to recommended exercise guidelines; and outcomes including: functional status, self-efficacy for exercise adherence, and perceived social isolation.”

Patients in clinic

(Nichols et al.⁵⁴)

United States

Cross sectional study

“To compare self-reported domains of HF-related health between patients with a HF diagnosis who had and had not experienced a recent HF hospitalization.”

Patients in clinic

(Liang et al.¹⁸)

United Kingdom

Cohort study

“To examine the association of social isolation, loneliness, and their combination with incident HF.”

Community dwelling

(Savitz et al.⁴⁸)

United States

Cohort study

“To address the gaps of the co-occurrence of multiple Social Risk Factors (SRFs) and the association with health care utilization using latent class analysis (LCA) as a novel approach to understand the clustering of SRFs.”

Community dwelling

(Yildirim et al.⁶⁰)

Turkey

Cohort study

“To investigate the correlation between death anxiety, loneliness and hope levels in patients receiving treatment in a cardiac intensive care unit (ICU).”

Patients in clinic

(Brouwers et al.⁶¹)

The Netherlands

Cohort study

“To examine the relative importance of these models as underlying etiological factors of depression in HF patients by using a cross-sectional and prospective measurement approach.”

Patients in clinic

(Obiegło et al.⁵²)

Poland

Cross sectional study

“To analyse an association between these two variables in a large group of individuals with at least a 6-month history of heart failure.”

Patients in clinic

(Athilingam et al.⁶²)

United States

Cross sectional study

“To examine the association between elevated cytokines, C-reactive protein (CRP), and cognition in HF.”

Patients in clinic

(Longman et al.⁵⁰)

Australia

Cross sectional study

“This paper aims to describe characteristics of older, rural patients frequently admitted with ACS conditions and identify factors associated with their admissions from the patient perspective.”

Patients in clinic

(Keyes et al.⁴⁹)

United States

Cohort study

“To identify the relationship between social isolation levels and earlier (i.e., less than 30-day post-discharge) and later (i.e., 30 days or later) hospital readmission rates in a convenience sample of geriatric CHF patients.”

Patients in clinic

(Murberg³⁴)

Norway

Cohort study

“To evaluate the possible effects of social relationships (perceived social support and perceived social isolation) on mortality risk in 119 patients with stable, symptomatic congestive heart failure.”

Patients in clinic

(Griffin et al.⁶³)

United States

Cross sectional study

“To identify demographic factors associated with loneliness and to examine the relationship between loneliness and both stress and depression after LVAD.”

Patients in clinic

(Löfvenmark et al.⁵⁷)

Sweden

Cohort study

“To investigate perceived loneliness and social support in patients diagnosed with CHF. To investigate whether loneliness and perceived social support may be associated with gender, age, healthcare utilization, and mortality.”

Patients in clinic

(Manemann et al.⁴⁷)

United States

Cohort study

“To determine, among a community cohort of patients with HF, whether perceived social isolation, as measured by a brief screener that could be easily incorporated into clinical practice to identify at-risk patients, is associated with death and health-care use, including hospitalizations, emergency department (ED) visits, and outpatient visits.”

Community dwelling

(Polikandrioti⁵⁹)

Greece

Cross sectional study

“To evaluate the factors associated with perceived social isolation and to assess the impact of fatigue on social isolation.”

Patients in clinic

(Allemann et al.⁴⁴)

Sweden

Cross sectional study

“To explore factors related to perceived social support in a large cohort of individuals with HF living with an ICD or a cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator (CRT-D).”

Patients in clinic

(Seo et al.⁴⁵)

United States

Cross sectional study

“To test a structural equation model (SEM) of the predictors of cognitive/affective and somatic depression, including dyspnea, family support, friend support, and loneliness, after controlling for age and gender.”

Patients in clinic

(Rocha et al.⁶⁴)

Uruguay

Case control study

“To examine predictors of drop out from a multidisciplinary heart failure program.”

Patients in clinic

(Yang et al.³⁹)

China

Cross sectional study

“To examine the multiple mediation effects of activities of daily living and social isolation on the relationship between physical symptoms and loneliness in patients with heart failure.”

Patients in clinic

(Spaderna et al.³⁵)

Germany and Austria

Cohort study

“To evaluate depression and social isolation assessed at time of waitlisting as predictors of survival in heart transplant (HTx) recipients.”

Patients in clinic

(Sterling et al.³⁶)

United States

Cohort study

“To determine factors independently associated with 30-day all-cause readmission among Medicare beneficiaries hospitalized for HF in the REGARDS study (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke).”

Community dwelling

(Zhang et al.³⁸)

United States

Cohort study

“To determine whether social determinants of health (SDOH) are associated with cardiologist involvement in the management of adults hospitalized for HF.”

Community dwelling

(Kitakata et al.⁴⁰)

Japan

Cohort study

“To elucidate the prevalence and prognostic impact of the risk for SI and patient preferences regarding ACP and EOL care among hospitalized patients with HF at risk for SI.”

Patients in clinic

(Cené et al.⁴²)

United States

Cohort study

“To examines whether social isolation is associated with incident HF in older women and examines depressive symptoms as a potential mediator and age and race and ethnicity as effect modifiers.”

Community dwelling

(Saito et al.⁴¹)

Japan

Cohort study

“To investigate the prevalence of social isolation and its association with rehospitalization in patients with HF in the Asian population.”

Patients in clinic

(Cené et al.⁴³)

United States

Cohort study

“To prospectively examine whether individuals at higher vs. low risk for social isolation have higher HF incidence in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study; To determine whether the association between social isolation and incident HF is mediated by vital exhaustion.”

Patients in clinic

(Coyte et al.³⁷)

United Kingdom

Cohort study

“To investigate the association between social relationships, captured through multiple measures, and heart failure incidence, whilst adjusting for biological and behavioral covariables in a community-dwelling sample of older British men.”

Community dwelling

(Checa et al.⁵¹)

Spain

Cohort study

“To determine the impact of social context on mortality in patients with advanced HF.”

Patients in clinic

(Dickson et al.⁴⁶)

United States

Case Control Study

“To describe the cultural beliefs about self-care. To identify social factors that facilitate or impede HF self-care, and to explore how these sociocultural factors influence self-care practices among blacks with HF.”

Patients in clinic