Fig. 2: Wiggers diagram.

Exemplary Wiggers diagram from a clinical study subject CAD06 (64-year-old male; height: 170 cm, weight: 72 kg) with comorbidities including obstructive coronary artery disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes. Key cardiac events and intervals are annotated. From top to bottom: a Doppler echocardiographic image showing flow through the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) at rest; b Invasive pressure waveforms from the aorta (blue), and the femoral artery (green); c In-ear IH waveform corrected for instrumental effects and converted to in-ear acoustic pressure units (yellow); d In-ear IH waveform filtered above 20 Hz, highlighting the presence of S1 and S2 heart sounds (yellow); e 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) tracings (red). The x-axis represents time in milliseconds, with a window covering two cardiac cycles. Full and open circles in panels (b, c) indicate timings of the AVO and AVC, respectively, reconstructed using algorithms described in the text.