Fig. 3: Modification of triboelectric surfaces for sensing applications.

a A guanidinium functionalized poly(norbornene)-based polymer sheet for sensing of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. [Reprinted figure with permission from ref. ⁵⁶. Copyright (2024) American chemical society], b Modification of Au NPs by D-mannose to functionalize the detection of E-coli based on carbohydrate-protein interactions. [Reprinted figure with permission from ref. ⁵⁷. Copyright (2021) Elsevier], c Synthesized Te NWs with two kind of surface property for the detection of toxic Hg ions in the matrix of acetone and DI water. [Reprinted figure with permission from ref. ⁴³. Copyright (2023) American chemical society], d Fabrication of a microfluidic device for the platelet level monitoring by trapping platelets on collagen layer. [Reprinted figure with permission from ref. ⁵⁸. Copyright (2024) Elsevier].