Fig. 1: The overall concept of coral-inspired carbon sequestration enabled manufacturing.

a Diagrams to show the hierarchical microstructures of coral reefs. b Schematics to show layer-by-layer biochemical carbon sequestration enabled mineralization process to form natural coral septum. c Schematics to show the proposed electrochemical carbon sequestration enabled mineralization process to fabricate artificial coral septum. d Ashby diagrams of mass of CO₂ emission per cubic meter (\({\boldsymbol{C}}{{\boldsymbol{O}}}_{{\boldsymbol{2}}}\,{{\cdot }}\,{\boldsymbol{\rho }}\)) versus specific strength (\({{\boldsymbol{\sigma }}}_{{\boldsymbol{f}}}/{\boldsymbol{\rho }}\)) and specific Young’s modulus (\({\boldsymbol{E}}/{\boldsymbol{\rho }}\))⁶⁰.