Fig. 2: Effects of key printing parameters on shape diversity.

A Constant step distance control method in current DIW: A1 schematic and printed tubes with the inclined angle of A2 60°, A3 45°, and A4 30°. B The proposed constant interlayer distance control method in DC-DIW: B1 schematic and printed tubes with the inclined angle of B2 60°, B3 45°, and B4 30°. C Effects of interlayer distance: formation of C1 floating layer, C2 stable layer, and C3 compressed layer at different conditions. D Phase diagram to summarize the effects of two dimensionless numbers on the shape diversity. Scale bars: 5 mm.